Journal of Human Environment and Health Promotion
Volume:9 Issue: 2, Spring 2023

 The COVID-19 infection, with its unknown aspects, has posed numerous challenges to public health systems worldwide, rapidly disseminating across borders. In the context of diagnosis, researchers are endeavoring to enhance diagnosis accuracy through improved decision-making processes. The present study aimed to conduct a comprehensive review of the benefits of using computerized intelligence and mathematical models for diagnosing COVID-19 infections.

We searched for relevant references on the PubMed and Google Scholar databases, with inclusion criteria and search strategies utilized to identify full-text articles in English. A narrative report of our findings was presented based on the synthesis of our data.

 The advantageous application of computerized intelligence has been approved in various medical domains, including prevention, diagnosis, and risk assessment.

 Collaborative efforts are anticipated to enhance pandemic control with increased precision and reduced costs.

Wastewater analysis has emerged as a promising methodology for real-time monitoring of illicit drug consumption. The main objective of this article is to identify the occurrence and distribution of illicit drugs and their metabolites in the wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) of municipalities with adequate sewage coverage systems, in terms of water and sewage services, in the Hydrographic Regions of the State of Rio de Janeiro (HRRJ).

Diurnal composite samples of influent were collected from 13 wastewater treatment plants between December 27, 2022, and January 10, 2023, to detect the presence of illicit drugs, including Ecstasy, Amphetamine, Methamphetamine, Cocaine, Benzoylecgonine, and Cannabis. The excretion products were quantified using liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry.

The highest per capita consumption was observed for Cannabis, with a consumption rate of 432mg/day/1,000 inhabitants. Benzoylecgonine was the second most consumed drug, with a rate of 190mg/day/1,000 inhabitants, followed by Cocaine with a rate of 98mg/day/1,000 inhabitants. Amphetamine had a consumption rate of 104mg/day/1,000 inhabitants, while Methamphetamine had a rate of 42mg/day/1,000 inhabitants. 3,4-Methylene-dioxy-N-methylamphetamine had the lowest consumption rate, with a rate of 23.8mg/day/1,000 inhabitants.

The consumption patterns of illicit drugs were analyzed, and it was observed that stimulant drugs such as Cocaine, Ecstasy, and Amphetamines were consumed to a greater extent in municipalities located on the coast or with greater purchasing power. In contrast, Cannabis consumption was found to be more widespread across the surveyed locations, with higher consumption rates observed in regions with high traffic.

The aim of this study is to investigate some pesticides, including organic phosphorus compounds and carbamates, on tobacco leaves, which are commonly used in agricultural activities to increase crop production around the world. Humans are exposed to pesticides through residues left in fields, which have harmful effects on the body.

The study collected a total of ten samples of tobacco leaves, five from different cultivation areas in Iran and five from five different countries as imported samples. The collection was done three times to ensure that the results were reliable and consistent. To determine the residual concentration of organophosphorus and carbamate pesticides, we collected 210 samples using the QuEChER method to prepare the samples. The residual levels of 26 pesticides were measured using the GC-ECD and UHPLC-MS/MS methods.

Most samples had residual levels of pesticides below the detection limit. However, in Iranian samples, the highest average concentrations were found for Thiodicarb (μg/kg 525.2), Chlorpyrifos (μg/kg 499), Dichlorvos (μg/kg 260.3), Penconazole (μg/kg 208), Thiophanate-methyl pesticides (μg/kg 168.5). For imported samples, Thiodicarb (525.2 μg/kg) and Dichlorvos pesticides (260.3 μg/kg) had the highest average residual concentration.

Despite severe restrictions on pesticide use in the sampled specimens, residual amounts of these chemicals persist, which can contribute to the adverse health effects of smoking. Therefore, more effective monitoring and surveillance measures are necessary.

The present study aimed to investigate the level of structural safety and resistance of comprehensive health service centers, which provide critical services during earthquakes. For this purpose, a total of 30 comprehensive rural health centers and 14 comprehensive urban health centers in Babol city were examined.

To assess the cultural safety and resilience of comprehensive health service centers in Babol city against earthquakes, we integrated two questionnaires, one from the research of Pourahmad et al. (2018) and the other from the Ministry of Health and Medicine, both of which have been confirmed for validity and reliability. Using these questionnaires, we obtained 9 structural safety indicators and applied this questionnaire to all 44 health units in the city. The data were analyzed using SPSS. 20 software. Additionally, we used the Vicor software to evaluate, score, and rank the physical resilience of comprehensive health service centers against earthquakes.

The total area of the evaluated structures in this research was 18, 340 m2, with construction dates ranging from 1968 to 2019. The physical resilience of all comprehensive health service centers in Babol city in 2021 was the following results 18.2% were categorized as favorable, 18.2% as relatively favorable, 15.9% as average, 20.5% as relatively unfavorable, and 27.3% as unfavorable.

In the face of disasters and earthquakes, the health and safety of society depend on the infrastructure and resilience of critical service centers, such as comprehensive health service centers. Upgrading the infrastructure of these centers is crucial to ensure their resilience and protect the health and safety of society. The investigation of comprehensive health service centers in Babol city reveals that more than half of the structures are over 30 years old and lack sufficient resilience against natural disasters. Therefore, investments are needed to improve the physical resilience of these centers. Strategies such as structural reinforcement, regular maintenance, and the implementation of safety standards can enhance their resilience and help them better cope with earthquakes.

The process industry is known for its hazardous and complex nature, and thus, hazard identification and risk management are crucial to ensure safety. Implementing hazard identification methods and incident modeling concurrently is essential to prevent adverse events. This study aims to identify potential hazards in a sulfur recovery plant from an environmental perspective using the Hazard and Operability (HAZOP) study method and to model the identified hazards using the Bow-tie technique.

This descriptive cross-sectional study involved five research steps to gather necessary information on the sulfur recycling unit. The HAZOP study was utilized to identify process hazards, which were subsequently modeled using the Bow-tie method in Bow-tie Pro software. The statistical analysis and important variable values of these two methods were described.

The findings of the study conducted on the sulfur recycling unit revealed the identification of 10 nodes, 95 deviations, 158 causes, 186 consequences, 95 safeguards, and 92 recommendations through the HAZOP study. Additionally, the Bow-tie study recognized 19 top events, 19 threats, 90 controls, 69 consequences, and 162 escalation factors.

The results demonstrate that any faults or deficiencies in control devices can significantly impact the consequences of environmental pollution in process industries. However, efficient monitoring of process deviations and the implementation of recommended measures can effectively eliminate or reduce such impacts.

With the decrease in physiologic birth due to fear, researchers became interested in the mechanisms affecting mothers' tendency to deliver naturally. Studies have indicated that environmental factors significantly influence the fear experienced by women during labor. This research aims to examine the extent to which environmental parameters can facilitate Iranian mothers in managing their fear during physiologic childbirth.

The comparative analysis drawn from the relevant literature about environmental factors and mothers' perception of these factors has led to a reevaluation of this subject. Consequently, a research project was carried out, using a structured questionnaire and employing the exploratory factor analysis methodology.

According to the findings, the most important environmental factors that encourage Iranian mothers to physiologic delivery are as follows: "objective quality of life (Eigenvalue of 9.400)", "attractive environmental stimuli (Eigenvalue of 6.267)", "environmental and physical health (Eigenvalue of 5.126)", "friendly atmosphere (Eigenvalue of 4.596)", "environmental vitality (Eigenvalue of 4.375)", "environmental privacy (Eigenvalue of 3.866)" and "tangible technology (Eigenvalue of 3.689)".

Promoting the environmental quality of the delivery room through architectural interventions such as interior design and the general configuration, can help mothers, their partners, and medical staff in managing childbirth more effectively, ultimately leading to a higher incidence of physiologic delivery.

The present study aimed to determine the chemical composition and antibacterial activity of essential oil extracted from Ziziphora clinopodioide (ZCEO) in vitro. Furthermore, the study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of chitosan nanoemulsion coating containing ZCEO and nisin in inhibiting the growth of Listeria monocytogenes inoculated on chicken breast fillets that were inoculated and vacuum-packaged, and stored at a temperature of 4±1 °C for 16 days.

The chemical composition and in vitro antibacterial activity of ZCEO were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and microdilution method, respectively. The chicken breast fillet samples were divided into seven groups, namely, the control group (uncoated) without vacuum, control group with vacuum, chitosan nanoemulsion without vacuum, chitosan nanoemulsion with vacuum, chitosan nanoemulsion with 0.5% ZCEO and vacuum, chitosan nanoemulsion with nisin and vacuum, and chitosan nanoemulsion with 0.5% ZCEO, nisin, and vacuum. All the samples were stored in a refrigerator, and the population of L. monocytogenes was enumerated on days 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, and 16.

the chemical analysis of ZCEO revealed that carvacrol, thymol, and p-cymene were the three main compounds present in the oil. Application of chitosan nanoemulsion coatings, specifically chitosan nanoemulsion + ZCEO 0.5% + vacuum and chitosan nanoemulsion + nisin + vacuum, resulted in a significant reduction in the growth rate of L. monocytogenes in chicken breast fillet samples during storage. In addition, the chitosan nanoemulsion coating containing the combined ZCEO and nisin was found to be more effective in reducing the growth of L. monocytogenes during the storage period.

Based on the results of this study, chitosan nanoemulsion + ZCEO 0.5% + nisin + vacuum coating can be used to reduce the risks that might be associated with L. monocytogenes in chicken breast fillets.

This study investigated the effect of inorganic and organic sources of iron on Pb availability in soil.

The treatments involved applying organic and inorganic Fe sources at the rate of 0, 30, and 60 kg/ha pure Fe from different sources in the Pb-polluted soil treated with municipal sewage sludge biochar (MSSB). Corn was chosen as the tested plant in this experiment. The plants were collected after 90 days, and the Pb concentration in the soil and plants was determined using atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). Further, the plant enzyme activity was determined.

Soil application of ethylenediamine Di-2-Hydroxyphenyl Acetate Ferric (Fe-EDDHA) had the greatest efficiency in reducing the soil and plant concentration. Using 30 kg Fe/ha from Fe-EDDHA relative to iron slag and FeSo4 source significantly decreased the plant Pb concentration by 11.6 and 9.8%, respectively. For ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and peroxidases (POX) enzyme activity, it was decreased by 17.2 and 15.4%, respectively.

Considering the results of this research, using inorganic and organic Fe sources in soil treated with MSSB had a substantial impact in reducing the soil and plant Pb concentration which is an advantage of environmental studies.

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